The goal of this study is to figure out why women with Turner syndrome have a higher chance of getting diabetes. We want to know if genes on the X chromosome might be linked to the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome. We also want to know if having Turner syndrome influences the way the body handles sugar from different sources of nutrition, and if this could play a part in the development of blood sugar problems.

The Pinnaro lab will try to answer these questions by studying X chromosome genes and by studying the amount of insulin and other hormones that participants’ bodies make in response to different nutrients. Study participants will undergo blood testing to study blood sugar and hormone levels in response to different types of drinks. They will also have genetic testing. The results of these days could help us understand, prevent, and treat diabetes better in people with Turner syndrome.

Study participants will be compensated for their time and travel. They also may decide to be told about positive test results for diabetes, which they could then discuss with their medical provider.

What does the research involve?

• Two separate visits to the University of Iowa Clinical Research Unit within a 90-day span
• Each visit will last approximately 4 hours
• Fasting (not eating) for at least eight hours before each visit, drinking water is okay
• A physical exam before each visit
• An IV placement for multiple blood draws, during each visit (only one needle poke per day)
• Drinking a sugary drink on day 1 and a protein-rich drink on day 2
• Consuming a study-provided meal at the conclusion of the tests
• Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) on the back of the arm for up to 14 days after the first visit
• Completing a food and activity log for as long as the CGM is worn
• Mailing the CGM and food and activity log to the University of Iowa

Will I be compensated for being in the study?

• You can elect to be told if you have diabetes or are pre-diabetic
• You will receive $50 for first visit day, $100 for the second visit day, and $50 for mailing the CGM and food and activity log to the University of Iowa

Will it cost me anything to be in the study?

• It will not cost anything to be in the study
• If you live more than 90 miles from Iowa City, the study will pay for transportation, lodging, and meals for the participant
• If the participant is a minor, the study will pay for one parent's transportation, lodging, and meals